I believe you've grasped already how graphics work. Usually, the GBA (and SNES) store most of the images using 4 bits-per-pixel (bpp). With that, you can have 2^4 colors in the palette, or in other words, up to 16 colors (which we already knew...)
As for how the image is stored, well this is how it (normally) works:
- The image is stored in a 8x8 grid
- They use 32 bytes
- Each nibble (4bits), represent a color in the palette (from 0 to F)
- The bpp are intercalated, that's why you see odd results
Portraits seems to have a size of 32x32 + 32x8 (=32x40), so that would be 40 lines to modify using the Memory View on the GBA...
BTW, I believe that the following information was from this image, so I hope it helps a bit:
4BPP (32 bits)
37 00 59 26 6F 10 FB 04 BB 44 BD 4A 76 01 35 06
00 00 11 26 0F 10 23 54 22 44 08 6B 28 09 08 00
Bitplane 1 - 37 59 6F FB BB BD 76 35
Bitplane 2 - 00 26 10 04 44 4A 01 06
Bitplane 3 - 00 11 0F 23 22 08 28 08
Bitplane 4 - 00 26 10 54 44 6B 09 00
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0
0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0
1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1
0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
____XXXX__XXXXXX ________________ ________________ ________________
__XX__XXXX____XX ____XX____XXXX__ ______XX______XX ____XX____XXXX__
__XXXX__XXXXXXXX ______XX________ ________XXXXXXXX ______XX________
XXXXXXXXXX__XXXX __________XX____ ____XX______XXXX __XX__XX__XX____
XX__XXXXXX__XXXX __XX______XX____ ____XX______XX__ __XX______XX____
XX__XXXXXXXX__XX __XX____XX__XX__ ________XX______ __XXXX__XX__XXXX
__XXXXXX__XXXX__ ______________XX ____XX__XX______ ________XX____XX
____XXXX__XX__XX __________XXXX__ ________XX______ ________________0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 <-- BP 3
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 <-- BP 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 <-- BP 1
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 0 1 1 <-- BP 0
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 <-- BP 3
0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 <-- BP 2
0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 <-- BP 1
1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 1 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 <-- BP 0
0 0 1 1 0 1 1 1
0 1 A 5 1 A A 5
0 1 1 A 5 5 5 5
1 9 5 9 1 A 5 5
1 A 5 1 1 A 5 1
1 A 9 1 F 1 A 9
0 1 5 1 C 1 1 A
0 0 1 1 4 3 2 1